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Bentonite is a remarkable and highly versatile absorbent clay, formed from the weathering of volcanic ash. Comprised predominantly of the mineral montmorillonite, its unique molecular structure gives it the ability to absorb water, swell significantly, and develop thixotropic (gel-like) properties, making it an indispensable material in a vast range of industrial applications. The global bentonite market is a large and diverse sector, with its demand stemming from its utility in everything from heavy industry and civil engineering to consumer goods and agriculture. The two main commercial types, sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite, offer distinct properties that cater to different end-uses, with sodium bentonite being known for its superior swelling capacity and calcium bentonite for its absorbent qualities.

The foundry and drilling industries are the largest consumers of bentonite. In metal casting, sodium bentonite is used as a bonding agent in green sand molds. When mixed with sand and water, it…

Biomining is emerging as a revolutionary technique that combines biology and mining to extract valuable metals from ores and waste materials using microorganisms. Unlike traditional mining practices that rely heavily on energy-intensive processes and toxic chemicals, biomining leverages the natural metabolic abilities of bacteria and archaea to break down mineral ores. This eco-friendly method is increasingly being recognized as a sustainable solution in the mining industry, offering both environmental and economic benefits.

At its core, biomining involves microorganisms that oxidize metal compounds, facilitating the release of metals such as copper, gold, uranium, and nickel. These microbes thrive in extreme environments, feeding on sulfide minerals and converting them into soluble forms that can be easily recovered. For instance, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a well-known bacterium widely used in bioleaching processes for copper extraction. By creating acidic conditions, these microbes dissolve minerals without the need for harsh chemicals, drastically reducing environmental damage.

The advantages of…

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